Showing posts with label Epic Fantasy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Epic Fantasy. Show all posts

Monday, March 24, 2025

Blood of the Old Kings - Review

Blood of the Old Kings (Old Erth, # 1)

By: Sung-Il Kim

Publication: October 8, 2024 by Tor Books

368 pages

Genre: Adult, Fantasy, Dragons

Source: Publisher via NetGalley

( Goodreads | Amazon )

*Note: The above link to Amazon is an affiliate links. Affiliate links support giveaways for Somewhere Only We Know readers.

Goodreads description--Blood of the Old Kings begins an epic adventure in which three strangers journey through a vast Empire that uses the power of dead wizards to conquer and subdue, from award-winning author Sung-il Kim and translated by the highly-acclaimed Anton Hur.

Powered by the corpses of sorcerers, the Empire has conquered the world. It claims to have brought peace and stability to its conquered lands, but some see that peace for what it is—a lie—and will give everything in the fight against it.

Loran is desperate for revenge after the Empire killed her family, so much so that the swordswoman climbs the volcano where the legends say an ancient dragon slumbers and leaps in. She finds that the legends are true, and Loran leaves the mountain with a sword made of dragon’s fang and a great purpose before her.

Cain arrived in the Imperial Capital lost and orphaned, and it’s only thanks to the kindness of a stranger-turned-mentor that he survived on the city’s streets. When his friend is found murdered, he will leave no stone unturned to find those responsible, even if it means starting a war.

Arienne’s future has never been in question—born a sorcerer, she’ll be a Power Generator for the Empire upon her death. But when she starts to hear the voice of a powerful necromancer in her head, she realizes the only thing more terrifying than dying for the Empire is never getting to truly live in the first place.

When peace is a lie, there is power in truth—and as Loran, Cain, and Arienne hunt for answers in their own lives, any one of their small rebellions could be the stone that brings the Empire toppling down.

Coming off Onyx Storm I just wanted more dragons. So when I saw Blood of the Old Kings available for audiobook review, I decided to check it out. Even though I often read fantasy, this isn't the normal fantasy type of book I read. Having it on audio is probably the only way I finished Blood of the Old Kings. As a matter of fact, I listened to three hours in one day because I was driving my kids on a field trip out of town. This allowed me to get invested in the story a little. And then I just listened a little at a time here and there until I finished it.

There are three main characters and three audio narrators. Each did a wonderful job. I appreciated having different narrators for each POV. Eunice Wong, Major Curda, and Suzy Jackson were the narrators.

The book starts with Loran climbing into the volcano where the last fire dragon is chained. She makes a deal with him, and he gifts her a fang used as a sword. She then starts calling herself the Princess of Arland (*sp?). After taking on a group of legionary soldiers on her own and rescuing another man, people begin to spread the word of the Princess of Arland. Hope sparks anew in their bellies, and rebellion grows against the Empire. 

Arienne is born a sorcerer and is on a path to becoming a power generator. Power generators are kind of terrifying. They are dead sorcerers hooked up to machines using their magic to power things from lights to machines to this mysterious circuit of destiny. Arienne hears a voice in her head of a long-dead sorcerer who has been turned into a power generator. The sorcerer has plans of his own, but in the process, he helps Airenne discover power she didn't know she had. 

Cain is a collector of favors. He doesn't collect them for power, but because he genuinely enjoys helping people when he can. He's trying to carry on the gift given to him when he showed up in the capital alone. He does interact with Arienne. And then Arienne interacts with Loran. So in a way, all of the stories are tied together. 

Overall, I enjoyed Blood of the Old Kings. It was entertaining. I didn't dread listening to it, but I didn't feel compelled to keep listening. I always prefer stories with romances, but this was missing a romance altogether. Not all stories need them. And it would have been weird for this book to have had one, I think. But I still prefer to read relationship-driven books over plot-driven ones. Blood of the OId Kings gets 3.5 Stars. I don't think I'll continue the series. Have you read (or listened to) Blood of the Old Kings? What did you think? Let me know!

*Since I listened to the audiobook, I have no way of knowing the spelling of various characters and places within the story. Goodreads provided me with character name spellings, but the places were not listed.

Friday, March 20, 2015

A Dance With Dragons - Review

A Dance With Dragons (A Song of Ice and Fire, # 5)

By: George R R Martin

Published: July 12th 2011 by Bantam

1125 pages

Genre: Adult, Fantasy, Epic Fantasy, High Fantasy, Dragons

Source: Personal Kindle Library

( Goodreads | Amazon | Book Depository )

*Note: The above links to Amazon and Book Depository are affiliate links. Affiliate links support giveaways for Somewhere Only We Know readers.

Goodreads description--In the aftermath of a colossal battle, the future of the Seven Kingdoms hangs in the balance — beset by newly emerging threats from every direction. In the east, Daenerys Targaryen, the last scion of House Targaryen, rules with her three dragons as queen of a city built on dust and death. But Daenerys has thousands of enemies, and many have set out to find her. As they gather, one young man embarks upon his own quest for the queen, with an entirely different goal in mind.

Fleeing from Westeros with a price on his head, Tyrion Lannister, too, is making his way to Daenerys. But his newest allies in this quest are not the rag-tag band they seem, and at their heart lies one who could undo Daenerys's claim to Westeros forever.

Meanwhile, to the north lies the mammoth Wall of ice and stone — a structure only as strong as those guarding it. There, Jon Snow, 998th Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, will face his greatest challenge. For he has powerful foes not only within the Watch but also beyond, in the land of the creatures of ice.

From all corners, bitter conflicts reignite, intimate betrayals are perpetrated, and a grand cast of outlaws and priests, soldiers and skinchangers, nobles and slaves, will face seemingly insurmountable obstacles. Some will fail, others will grow in the strength of darkness. But in a time of rising restlessness, the tides of destiny and politics will lead inevitably to the greatest dance of all.

You guys have no idea the amount of relief I feel being able to mark this book as “read”. George R R Martin’s books are MASSIVE. Coming in at 1125 pages, A Dance with Dragons is the 2nd longest book I’ve ever read—2nd only to A Strom of Swords--and will easily be the longest book I read this year. A Feast for Crows was a real struggle for me because not only did it follow my least favorite of all of the characters, but the storyline itself also progressed very slowly. In the end, there were some key things that took place, but man it took a while to get there. I was really concerned about A Dance with Dragons. Even though this book follows characters that I’m more excited about and the book was generally more exciting than the last, it was still slow going. I’ve come to expect specific things from this series, and really what else can you expect from a novel over 1000 pages?

A Dance with Dragons follows Jon, Danearys, Tyrion, Arya, Theon, Ser Barristan, and it also had the occasional chapters from Jamie, Cersei, Victarion, Asha, Bran and others. I realize that just mentioning characters by name can sometimes be a spoiler for this series. One of the things I found annoying at first was the titling of the chapters. I’ve come to expect these books to just clearly state who’s POV we’ll be reading from, but even A Feast for Crows often labeled titles or nicknames rather than first names (ex: “The Prophet”, "The Captain of the Guards", "The Kraken's Daughter"). We have seen this type of chapter titles progress with frequency throughout the series, and while I didn’t count the number of chapters with a basic name title (Jamie) versus a more of a title title (“The Kingslayer”), A Dance with Dragons was filled with this. Often times we could read from the same person under different names/titles. Theon comes to mind. He’s referred to as “Reek”, “The Prince of Winterfell,” and “Theon” for different chapters. Ser Barristan is one I also noticed had multiple chapter titles. So I really feel like this plays on the identity that the character ascribes to themselves, the way others see these characters, and possibly it was just used as a method to throw us off. George R R Martin is like that. *shakes fist* Besides that, these characters just have a million different names over the course of the series. Nicknames, aliases, given names, titles earned, etc. It’s real, but it can be confusing at the same time. Tyrion, Hugor Hill, The Imp. Arya, Arry, Cat of the Canals. And so on.

Speaking of liking to throw us off. George R R Martin is a sneaky one. One thing I’ve learned from his writing is to not take information for granted. If something is not explicitly stated, then I cannot assume anything. Plus the way that information travels in the Seven Kingdoms isn’t always reliable. So if a character wasn’t present for an event, you can’t always take their knowledge as concrete. When I was finished with A Dance with Dragons I had a lot of questions. One event takes place in A Feast for Crows that left us with some very vague knowledge of a certain character’s situation. Well then that character appears in yet again, very vague context, in A Dance with Dragons and so I have to stop and go “Now wait a minute. I thought X-event happened to Y-character. So what’s Y-character doing Z-event for?” And then at the end…”I thought A-character found it’s way to B-character who happens to also be with C-character. Well D-character says they killed C-character, but doesn’t mention B-character, and says they want A-character back.” How is any of this possible? How does it all fit together? What information am I missing? And what information did my little brain try to conjure up and supply for me in order to fillin the gaps that I assumed where things weren’t explicitly stated? See how confusing this can be? BUT that’s also one of the beauties of George R R Martin’s writing.

I was reading A Dance with Dragons very slowly. I would read a chapter or so at a time, but then I would read like 20 other books in the meantime. And I worked my way up to 33% that way. A whole whopping 380 pages. And then my friend Paula got the audiobook from the library and BLAZED through this book. I was left in her dust going “WHAT JUST HAPPENED?” And she was saying “WHAT JUST HAPPENED?” concerning the ending of the book, but all I could see was how in the world did she finish so fast. I knew I had to get my hands on the audiobook, and once I did, I finished within two weeks. Granted, there’s something to be said about reading a book like this yourself versus hearing someone else read it. The spellings for characters and places are almost impossible to know off hearing alone. And sometimes the names of characters are similar. Osha vs Asha. There are others, but I’m drawing a blank at the moment.

As far as events go, there were several surprises for me in this book. There was one thing that comes up before the 50% mark that I wasn’t expecting at all—another case of taking someone’s word as fact without proof. There was another thing I alluded to above with a character that I thought something specific happened with in A Feast for Crows. Then there was something that wasn’t so much shocking as exciting about the 70% mark. And then two events at the very end. One had me going “George R R Martin, you’re not fooling me! I’m not going to believe that.” And the other had me thinking “Well I don’t care about character-K so much as character-V and event-G.” Plus “how does this play into the future?” I will say that there are definitely some interesting things to come. And I can’t wait to see how it all plays out.

Fan theories abound. And there are still so many questions unanswered. One of the biggest questions of the series—dating all the way back to book 1—is about who Jon’s mother is. My cousin found an interesting fan-theory on YouTube that you might be curious to check out. There are no spoilers really for A Dance With Dragons but there are spoilers for prior books in the series, mostly there's speculation. I haven’t really checked out any other theories, and some things I’ve had to come to accept that we just may never know what the answer are.

One thing that I’ve pondered back and forth about within this series over the course of the books has to do with their gods. We’ve got “the Old gods” that are typically believed in up North—even beyond the Wall. There’s “the new gods” or “the Seven” typically believed in further South. There’s “the drowned god” of the Iron Islands and the sea. And then there’s “the red god” or “Rh’ollor” that I believe originated across the Narrow Sea. It’s hard for me because I believe in one God. And so I tend to project my faith into my reading. I want ONE of these gods to be real and powerful. As far as I can tell none of these gods have ultimate power. The old gods, the seven, and the drowned god all seem to be inactive and whatever happens, happens. The red god is a bit more confusing. We see Melisandre who has some kind of power. You don’t know how much is sorcery and illusion and how much of it might actually be legit. The red god seems to be the most active, be displaying the most works—Lady Stoneheart anyone?—and prophesies as well. Melissandre’s prophecies always have some truth to them, even if she doesn’t always see their manifestations clearly. And the same goes for the other red priests we have met along the way.

If you’ve stuck with me through this vague and confusing review then bless your heart! It is extremely difficult to discuss this book and this series with someone who hasn’t read it and without spoilers. You never know what key information George R R Martin is going to zero in on. You never know what information you think you know that might actually turn out to be false. And you truly never know what to expect. I won’t say A Dance with Dragons had the level of epic plot twists found in A Strom of Swords--the red wedding—but there were several things that will turn out to be game-changers. I can tell you that much.

As I said, you never know what information George R R Martin is going to pull out and use for moving the series forward, but these are my favorite quotes:

-The only thing more pitiful than a dwarf without a nose is a dwarf without a nose who has no gold.

-“Another. Strong than Tommen, gentler than Stannis, with a better claim than the girl Myrcella. A savior come from across the sea to bind up the wounds of bleeding Westeros.”…”A dragon with three heads.”

-“Soon comes the pale mare, and after her the others. Kraken and dark flame, lion and griffin, the sun’s son and the mummer’s dragon. Trust none of them. Remember the Undying.”…”I remember the way. I go north to go south, east to go west, back to go forward. And to touch the light I have to pass beneath the shadow.”…”I remember the Undying. Child of three, they called me. Three mounts they promised me, three fires, and three treasons. One for blood and one for gold and one for…”

-“And what lesson can we draw from Volantene history?” “If you want to conquer the world, you best have dragons.”

-“I know that she spent her childhood in exile, impoverished, living on dreams and schemes, running from one city to the next, always fearful, never safe, friendless but for a brother who was by all accounts half mad…and a brother who sold her maidenhood to the Dothraki for the promise of an army. I know that somewhere out upon the grass her dragons hatched, and so did she. I know she is proud. How not? What else was left her but pride? I know she is strong. How not? The Dothraki despise weakness. If Daenerys had been weak, she would have perished with Viserys. I know she is fierce. Astapor, Yunkai, and Meereen are proof enough of that. She has crossed the grasslands and the red waste, survived assassins and conspiracies and fell sorceries, grieved for a brother and a husband and a son, trod the cities of the slavers to dust beneath her dainty sandaled feet. …”

-When you have known the kiss of a flaying knife, a laugh loses all its power to hurt you.

-Not all men are meant to dance with dragons.

So much more I could quote. Essentially, these books are pretty epic. The characters are great. You love them. You hate them. You root for them. You hope they get eaten by dragons. The worlds are vivid. You can feel the bone cold of the North. You can feel the grass from the Dothraki grass sea. You can smell the smoke from the dragons’ breath. And the story is one that you can never predict. You will have to wade through some cursing and I did notice that A Dance with Dragons stepped it up graphically than the other books in the series, but there was nothing that I would really run away from. All in all A Dance with Dragons gets 4.5 Stars. Have you read A Dance with Dragons? What did you think? Let me know!

Monday, March 17, 2014

A Feast for Crows - Review

A Feast for Crows (A Song of Ice and Fire, # 4)

By: George R R Martin

Published: October 2006 by Bantam (first published October 17th 2005)

1060 pages

Genre: Adult, Fantasy, Epic Fantasy

Source: Personal Kindle Library

( Goodreads | Amazon | Book Depository )

*Note: The above links to Amazon and Book Depository are affiliate links. Affiliate links support giveaways for Somewhere Only We Know readers.

Goodreads description--With A Feast for Crows, Martin delivers the long-awaited fourth volume of the landmark series that has redefined imaginative fiction and stands as a modern masterpiece in the making.

After centuries of bitter strife, the seven powers dividing the land have beaten one another into an uneasy truce. But it's not long before the survivors, outlaws, renegades, and carrion eaters of the Seven Kingdoms gather. Now, as the human crows assemble over a banquet of ashes, daring new plots and dangerous new alliances are formed while surprising faces—some familiar, others only just appearing—emerge from an ominous twilight of past struggles and chaos to take up the challenges of the terrible times ahead. Nobles and commoners, soldiers and sorcerers, assassins and sages, are coming together to stake their fortunes...and their lives. For at a feast for crows, many are the guests—but only a few are the survivors.

Oh boy! You guys, I FINALLY finished A Feast for Crows. I started this book in June or July of 2013 and finished it January 21, 2014. I would read one chapter in A Feast for Crows and then read something else shorter for “fun.” And that’s how I made progress. I’ve been trying to stay ahead of the show. I know that season 4 is going to be a mix from books 3, 4, & 5 because Season 3 didn’t end where book 3 (A Strom of Swords) ended. There’s more to come there. But I also know that Season 4 will include some stuff from book 5 (A Dance with Dragons) which I plan to start ASAP.

All of that being said, I would have finished A Feast for Crows sooner but this was a SLOW book for me. All of the books in this series have started off slowly and built until they ended with some pretty major events. And while the last 20% of this book definitely had bigger things happening, the cliffhangers weren’t as big as the ones in books past. The speed at which I can get through a book always plays into my overall experience of the book, but a slow book that’s 300 pages long is completely different from a slow book that’s over 1000 pages long. I was more than 600 pages in—probably more like 700 pages—before events started picking up pace. For the earlier parts of the book, I was wondering how most of the events even played into what happened in the previous books. That wasn’t exactly the right question. The better question would have been how those events played into the ending of this book. Due to the length and pacing of these books, I definitely expect that this series is not for the average reader, but A Feast for Crows even more so. At one point I told my SNL, Holly @ Words Fueled by Love, that if some big things didn’t happen in the last half of the book then I was going to tell her to skip it and I would just tell her what happens. I’m not sure what I would recommend for her at this point. (She's reading it anyway just in case you're wondering.)

Now to talk about the story itself.

Unlike the previous books in the series, A Feast for Crows focuses on a smaller section of main characters. George R R Martin puts a note at the end of the book that he didn’t forget about the other characters. He was writing this book and realized it was too big to publish without breaking it in half and instead of giving ALL of the characters half their story he decided to split the characters and give all the story. So A Dance with Dragons will focus on the characters that weren’t focused on in A Feast for Crows. The main narrators of A Feast for Crows were Jamie, Cersie, Brienne, Arya, Sansa, and Sam with a few chapters here and there narrated by a random additional character.

I did highlight a good bit in A Feast for Crows. I don’t think I’ve ever highlighted in any of the previous books in this series. These highlights were focused around things I thought might offer some foreshadowing. But truly it is so hard to tell with George R R Martin if he’s even foreshadowing at all. Sometimes when reading this series, I find myself wondering if there was a point to what I’ve been reading at all when all of a sudden a big surprise comes in and one of our characters gets killed off. Most books I consider masterpieces are the ones where every piece of information is important and fits into the overall story in just the right way. But with George R R Martin, I often wonder how much of any of it has a point and if that in and of itself isn’t the brilliance of this series.

A Feast for Crows is definitely different from the previous books in this series. And while I won’t say that I didn’t like it, I can see how it would be my (and many others’) least favorite of the series. I do look forward to seeing how everything continues to play out, and I look forward to getting back to the other characters that I’ve missed. I know I haven't really given you any information involving the storyline at this point or even discussing the character growth, but I just feel like both of these things are such important aspects of the story that I can't spoil anything for you.

A Feast for Crows gets 3.5 Stars from me. Have you read A Feast for Crows? What did you think? Let me know!

Tuesday, October 11, 2011

A Clash of Kings - Review

A Clash of Kings (A Song of Ice and Fire, # 2)

By: George R R Martin

Published: first published February 1999

761 pages

Genre: Fantasy, Epic Fantasy, Adult

Source: Personal Kindle Library

( Goodreads | Amazon | Book Depository | Booksamillion.com )

Goodreads description--Time is out of joint. The summer of peace and plenty, ten years long, is drawing to a close, and the harsh, chill winter approaches like an angry beast. Two great leaders—Lord Eddard Stark and Robert Baratheon—who held sway over an age of enforced peace are dead...victims of royal treachery. Now, from the ancient citadel of Dragonstone to the forbidding shores of Winterfell, chaos reigns, as pretenders to the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms prepare to stake their claims through tempest, turmoil, and war.

As a prophecy of doom cuts across the sky—a comet the color of blood and flame—six factions struggle for control of a divided land. Eddard’s son Robb has declared himself King in the North. In the south, Joffrey, the heir apparent, rules in name only, victim of the scheming courtiers who teem over King’s Landing. Robert’s two brothers each seek their own dominion, while a disfavored house turns once more to conquest. And a continent away, an exiled queen, the Mother of Dragons, risks everything to lead her precious brood across a hard hot desert to win back the crown that is rightfully hers.

A Clash of Kings transports us into a magnificent, forgotten land of revelry and revenge, wizardry and wartime. It is a tale in which maidens cavort with madmen, brother plots against brother, and the dead rise to walk in the night. Here a princess masquerades as an orphan boy; a knight of the mind prepares a poison for a treacherous sorceress; and wild men descend from the Mountains of the Moon to ravage the countryside.

Against a backdrop of incest and fratricide, alchemy and murder, the price of glory may be measured in blood. And the spoils of victory may just go to the men and women possessed of the coldest steel...and the coldest hearts. For when rulers clash, all of the land feels the tremors.

Audacious, inventive, brilliantly imagined, A Clash of Kings is a novel of dazzling beauty and boundless enchantment—a tale of pure excitement you will never forget.

Wow...first post I've had in over a month. This book was a big undertaking. (4 Stars by the way.) It wasn't so much that the book was long--although it was--but it was just easy to take breaks. Don't get me wrong, it was good, and it held my interest, and just like A Game of Thrones there were plenty of twists throughout the book, but periodically you'd come to a narrator that was just easy to put down.

The addition of Theon made sense, and you understand his character...and possibly even feel sorry for him. But by the end of the book, he's easy to hate. Bran...I struggled through his storyline some, but the further you get into the story the more it fits in with everything else that's going on and the more intriguing it becomes. We really get to see how brilliant Tyrion is throughout this book. He's playing this game with his sister, the realm, and the other self-proclaimed kings like nobody's business. Possibly one of the smartest characters of all, and definitely the wittiest. Jon's storyline was actually a struggle for me in the beginning as well. Even though he's one of my favorite characters, but my how the tables turn at the very end for him. Good stuff. Catelyn...I'm not sure what can be said about her. She's got so much on her shoulders and has been through so much. She's one of my favorite characters as well. The addition of Davos, though he doesn't have many chapters, is brilliant to me instead of George RR Martin writing through Stannis's perspective, yet we still get an inside story on what's going on with that camp. Dany doesn't have many chapters in this book, but I'm excited about where she seems to be heading. And finally (I think), Arya. Possibly my favorite storyline of this book. Arya's got all kinds of adventures presented to her in this book. I can't wait to see what happens next.

The supernatural aspects of this story shine through in this book more than the previous book in this series. This is another facet that I'm waiting to see how it all plays out through the entire series. Dany of course seems surrounded by the supernatural. But Davos/Stannis and the addition of the Red Lady, Bran and Summer, Jon and the wildlings/eagle, Arya and Jaqen H'ghar. I'm sure there's more.

Exciting things. Looking forward to the twists and turns to come in book 3, but I have to take a break from the series. I need to read something that I can blow through really fast and knock out some books quickly.

*Updated: September 6, 2013

Saturday, August 13, 2011

A Game of Thrones - Review

A Game of Thrones (A Song of Ice and Fire, # 1)

By: George R R Martin

Published: first published August 6th 1991

835 pages

Genre: Adult, Fantasy, Epic Fantasy

Source: Personal Kindle Library

( Goodreads | Amazon | Book Depository | Booksamillion.com )

*Note: The above links to Amazon, Book Depository, and Booksamillion.com are affiliate links. Affiliate links support giveaways for Somewhere Only We Know readers.

Goodreads description--The first volume of A Song of Ice and Fire, the greatest fantasy epic of the modern age. GAME OF THRONES is now a major TV series from HBO, starring Sean Bean.

Summers span decades. Winter can last a lifetime. And the struggle for the Iron Throne has begun.

As Warden of the north, Lord Eddard Stark counts it a curse when King Robert bestows on him the office of the Hand. His honour weighs him down at court where a true man does what he will, not what he must … and a dead enemy is a thing of beauty.

The old gods have no power in the south, Stark’s family is split and there is treachery at court. Worse, the vengeance-mad heir of the deposed Dragon King has grown to maturity in exile in the Free Cities. He claims the Iron Throne.

4 Stars - Enjoyed this book. I've always liked this time period of castles, knights, war, and kings. This is outside of the genre I've been reading most frenquently, but I didn't love it any less because of that.

George R.R. Martin writes from a variety of perspectives. These voices range from male to female, from child to adult, and from noble to bastard. The only negative comment I have about the narration is that having just finished the Wolves of Mercy Falls series where Maggie Stiefvater always writes from the character with the most interesting point of view, it was alittle frustrating to go back to an author that swaps view points just when the story gets interesting. George R.R. Martin doesn't always do this--swap just when it gets interesting. But I did find myself being disappointed when the narrators swapped, especially depending on which voice I was coming upon. It wasn't that any of the narrators were boring or I didn't like any of them. I'm not quite sure how to explain it.

It's obvious that George R.R. Martin spent a lot of time creating this world and an intricately interconnected cast of characters. I was also excited when I got to the end of the book and found the appendix containing a break down of each of the seven major house families.

Overall pretty impressed. I have already started book two, A Clash of Kings, and I am anxious to see what's going to happen with the characters I'm growing to love--though people have warned me not to get too attached.

*Updated: September 6, 2013